Mining under the early metal in the context of Kartamysh ore occurrence of Ukrainian Donbas

Yurii Brovender¹, Hennadii Haiko², Olena Brovender¹

¹Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University, Severodonetsk, 93406, Ukraine

²National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine

Min. miner. depos. 2021, 15(3):45-53

https://doi.org/10.33271/mining15.03.045

Full text (PDF)

      ABSTRACT

      Purpose is to identify process engineering of mining under the Late Bronze age (18th-13th centuries BCE) in the context of copper deposits in the Eastern Ukraine. Among other things, it concerns analysis of manufacturing artifacts (i.e. ore production and preparation) in Kartamysh archeological area within the copper-ore territory of Bakhmut basin of Donbas.

      Methods. Following methods have been applied: a comparative historical method supported by typological archaeological approach; statistical procedures; engineering and geological methods to determine extraction volumes and evaluate copper ore extraction from the mines in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as structural and technologic analysis; functional and typological analysis; traceological analysis; experimental modelling; and carbon dating.

      Findings. Analysis of the specialized mining artifacts in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as mining artifacts within other copper-ore deposits in Bakhmut basin, extracted actively under the Late Bronze age, has made it possible to consider newly a number of important issues connected with process engineering of mining, specialization and labour division of ancient miners as well as evaluate significance of Donbas copper mines for the system of metal production development in the Eastern Europe of the second millennium BCE.

      Originality.Analysis of Kartamysh archaeological area, where the majority of business performance objects are connected with mining, has helped the authors consider specialization of the industrial systems (i.e. different-purpose mine workings, various mining tools, and areas to prepare ore) right from the viewpoint of the production method. Since similar situation is typical for other Donets complex artifacts, being involved in scientific terminology as the mining and smelting one, it would be more reasonable to represent it as Donets ore mining system owing to its specialization in the integrated copper ore extraction and preparation.

      Practical implications.The research results develop the history of mining science and engineering inclusive of ancient mining history in the Eastern Ukraine. They may be applied to train mining experts and in the process of creation of museum exhibitions (looking ahead, creation of Kartamysh skansen) while synthesizing technical and humanitarian aspects of engineering activities.

      Keywords:Donbas, archeological metallurgy, ancient mines, Kartamysh, stopes, copper ore, preparation, cultural heritage

      REFERENCES

1. Cañizares Ruiz, M. del C. (2019). Visibilidad y promoción del patrimonio minero en algunos geoparques españoles. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 66(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.556
2. Haiko, H., Saik, P., & Lozynskyi, V. (2019). The philosophy of mining: Historical aspect and future prospect. Philosophy & Cosmology, (22), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.29202/phil-cosm/22/6
3. Jelen, J., & Kučera, Z. (2017). Approaches to identification and interpretation of mining heritage: The case of the Jáchymovsko area, ore mountains, Czechia. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 66(4), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.66.4.4
4. Kazancı, N., Suludere, Y., Özgüneylioğlu, A., Mülazımoğlu, N.S., Şaroğlu, F., Mengi, H., & Gürbüz, A. (2019). Mining heritage and relevant geosites as possible instruments for sustainable development of miner towns in turkey. Geoheritage, 11(4), 1267-1276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00391-0
5. Klamár, R., Matlovič, R., Mitura, T., BucScientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Managzek-Kowalik, M., & Kopor, I. (2017). Development of geoturism and mining heritage on the examples of Slovak opal mines and oil mine Bóbrka. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, 17(52), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/52/S20.032
6. Ţiganea, O.C. (2021). Taking action towards the enhancement of mining heritage in Romania. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 1806-1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48279-4_171
7. Wang, Y., Wang, X., & Liu, H. (2020). Types of mining heritage in jinzhou gold mine, weihai, shandong and its evaluation. Proceedings of the 7^th Academic Conference of Geology Resource Management and Sustainable Development, 45-54.
8. Brovender, Yu., & Okalelov, V. (2019). On extraction of ore minerals of the Donetsk basin in the early metal age. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, (169), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.29202/nvngu/2019-1/2
9. Haiko, H., & Biletskyi, V. (2013). Istoriia hirnytstva. Kyiv-Alchevsk, Ukraina: Vydavnychyi dim “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia”-“Lado”.
10. Dergachev, V., & Bochkarev, V. (2002). Metallicheskie serpy pozdney bronzy Vostochnoy Evropy. Kishinev, Belarus, 348 s.
11. Gak, E. (2005). Metalloobrabatyvayuschee proizvodstvo katakombnykh plemen stepnogo Predkavkazya, Nizhnego Dona i Severskogo Dontsa. Moskva, Rossiya: MGU.
12. Klochko, V. (2006). Ozbroiennia ta viiskova sprava davnoho naselennia Ukrainy (5000-900 roku do R.X.). Kyiv, Ukraina: Artek, 338 s.
13. Ryndina, N. (1998). Drevneyshee metalloobrabatyvayushchee proizvodstvo Yugo-Vostochnoy Evropy (istoki i razvitie v neolite-eneolite). Moskva, Rossiya: Izdatelstvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, 175 s.
14. Hoshko, T. (2011). Metaloobrobka u naselennia Pravoberezhnoi lisostepovoi Ukrainy za doby piznoi bronzy. Kyiv, Ukraina: Instytut arheologii NAN Ukrainy, 128 s.
15. Ottaway, B. (2001). Innovation, production and specialization in early prehistoric copper metallurgy. European Journal of Archaeology, 4(1), 87-112. https://doi.org/10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.87
16. Tatarinov, S. (2003). Drevnie gornyaki-metallurgi. Slavyansk, Ukraina: Pechatnyiy dvor, 268 s.
17. Brovender, Yu., Gayko, G., & Shubin, Yu. (2010). Opredelenie obemov gornykh rabot i otsenka dobychi mednykh rud na drevnikh razrabotkakh Kartamyshskogo rudoproyavleniya v Donbasse. Materialy ta doslidzhennia z arkheolohii Skhidnoi Ukrainy, (10), 213-219.
18. Kileynikov, V. (1996). Trasologicheskiy analiz kamennykh orudiy truda s rudnika Chervone ozero. Severo-Vostochnoe Priazove v Sisteme Evraziyskikh Drevnostey (Eneolit – Bronzovyy Vek), (2), 3-4.
19. Kileynikov, V. (2005). Novye trasologicheskie dannye ob orudiyakh truda s pamyatnikov Kartamyshskogo rudoproyavleniya Podontsovya. Problemy Hirnychoi Arkheolohii, 80-85.
20. Zahorodnia, O. (2014). Pro pryznachennia odniiei z katehorii kistianykh znariad Kartamyshu. Arkheolohiia, (1), 15-28.
21. Brovender, Yu. (2016). Donetskiy gorno-metalurgicheskiy tsentr epokhi bronzy. Kiev, Ukraina: Instytut arheologii NAN Ukrainy.
22. Brovender, Yu., & Gajko, G. (2003). Ancient mines in east Ukraine. Proceedings of the School of Underground Mining, 609-615.
23. Turley, G. (1936). Poleznye iskopaemye basseyna r. Severskiy Donets. Geologicheskiy ocherk basseyna reki Dontsa (s. 146-194). Kiev-Kharkov: GNTIU.
24. Shkurskiy, E. (2003). Gornogeologicheskie usloviya razrabotki nizhnepermskikh medistyikh peschanikov na territorii Donetskogo gorno-metallurgicheskogo tsentra epokhi pozdney bronzy (rudniki Chervone ozero I, II, III, IV). Dono-Donetskiy region v epokhu bronzy (s. 119-122). Voronezh, Rossiya: VGU.
25. Lur’e, A., & Krasnopevceva, G. (1969). Medenosnost’ nizhnepermskikh otlozheniy Donbassa. Moskva, Rossiya: Nedra.
26. Dorofeev, V., Brovender, Yu., & Gayko, G. (2003). Drevnie rudniki Vostochnoy Ukrainy. Gornyy Zhurnal, (11), 72-73.
27. Chernykh, E., & Lebedeva, E. (2002). Gornye vyrabotki i ikh osnovnye uchastki. Yazyki Slavyanskoy Kultury, 25-38.
28. Chernikov, S. (1960). Vostochnyy Kazakhstan v epokhu bronzy. Moskva-Leningrad, Rossiya: AN SSSR, 285 s.
29. Grishin, Yu.S. (1980). Drevnyaya dobycha medi i olova. Moskva, Rossiya: Nauka, 135 s.
30. Margulan, A. (2001). Saryiarka. Gornoe delo i metallurgiya v epokhu bronzy. Dzhezkazgan – drevniy i srednevekovyiy metallurgicheskiy tsentr (gorodische Milyikuduk). Tom 2. Almaty: Dayk-Press, 188 s.
31. Matveeva, G., Kolev, Yu., & Korolev, A. (2004). Gorno-metallurgicheskiy kompleks bronzovogo veka u s. Mihaylo-Ovsyanka na yuge Samarskoy oblasti (pervye rezultaty issledovaniya). Voprosyi Arheologii Urala i Povolzhya, (2), 69-88.
32. Chernykh, E. (2007). Kargaly. Moskva, Rossiya: Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury, 200 s.
33. Haiko, H., & Biletskyi, V. (2015). First metals discovery and development the sacral component phenomenon. New Developments in Mining Engineering 2015: Theoretical and Practical Solutions of Mineral Resources Mining, 227-233. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19901-40
34. Tikhonov, B. (1960). Metallicheskie izdeliya epokhi bronzy na srednem Urale i Priurale. Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR, (90), 5-115.
35. Antipina, E. (2004). Arkheozoologicheskie materialy. Kargaly III (s. 182-230). Moskva, Rossiya: Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury.
36. Berezanskaya, S. (1990). Usovo ozero. Poselenie na Severskom Dontse. Kiev, Ukraina: Naukova dumka, 152 s.
37. Pryakhin, A. (1996). Mosolovskoe poselenie metallurgov-liteyshchikov epokhi pozdney bronzy. Tom 2. Voronezh, Rossiya: VGU, 176 s.